If you own a small or medium-sized business, it may be eligible for significant tax breaks that aren’t available for larger entities. Here are three examples to consider as you file your tax return for 2021 and plan for 2022.

1. QBI Deduction

The qualified business income (QBI) deduction was a centerpiece of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA). For 2018 through 2025, the QBI deduction is available to eligible individuals, trusts and The QBI deduction can be up to 20% of:

• QBI earned from a sole proprietorship or single-member limited liability company (LLC) that’s treated as a sole proprietorship for federal income tax purposes, plus
• QBI passed through from a pass-through business entity, meaning a partnership, LLC classified as a partnership for federal income tax purposes or S corporation.

Pass-through business entities report their tax items to their owners, who then take them into account on their owner-level returns. When allowed, the QBI deduction is taken at the owner level. The QBI deduction rules are complicated, and the deduction can be phased out at higher income levels. Consult with your tax advisor for details. 

2. Eligibility for Cash-Method Accounting

Businesses eligible to use the cash method of accounting for tax purposes can fine-tune annual taxable income. This is accomplished by timing the year you recognize taxable income and claim deductions.

Under the cash method, you generally don’t have to recognize taxable income until you’re paid in cash. And you can usually write off deductible expenditures when you pay them in cash or with a credit card.

Only “small” businesses are potentially eligible for the cash method. For this purpose, the TCJA liberalized the small business definition to include no more than $25 million of average annual gross receipts, based on the preceding three tax years. This limit is adjusted annually for inflation. For tax years beginning in 2021, the inflation-adjusted limit is $26 million. For 2022, it’s $27 million.

3. Sec. 179 Depreciation Deduction

Suppose you own a small to medium-sized business. In that case, the Section 179 first-year depreciation deduction potentially allows you to write off some (or maybe all) of your qualified asset additions in the first year they’re placed in service. This break is available for both new and used property.

For qualified property placed in service in tax years beginning in 2018 and beyond, the Sec. 179 deduction rules are much more favorable than before the TCJA. The enhancements include:

Higher maximum deduction. The TCJA permanently increased the total Sec. 179 deductions to $1 million with annual inflation adjustments. For qualified assets placed in service in 2021, the maximum is $1.05 million. For 2022, it’s $1.08 million.

Liberalized phase-out rule. The TCJA permanently increased the threshold above which the maximum Sec. 179 deduction begins to be phased out to $2.5 million with annual inflation adjustments. For qualified assets placed in service in 2021, the phase-out threshold starts at $2.62 million. For 2022, it begins at $2.7 million.

The phase-out rule kicks in only if your additions of assets eligible for the Sec. 179 deductions for the year exceed the threshold for that year. If they exceed the threshold, your maximum Sec. 179 deductions are reduced dollar-for-dollar by the excess.

More Assets Qualify for Sec. 179 Deductions

The TCJA expanded the definition of assets that qualify for Sec. 179 deductions to include depreciable tangible personal property used predominantly to furnish lodgings. Examples include beds, other furniture, kitchen appliances, and other equipment used in the living quarters of a lodging facility such as a hotel, motel, apartment house, dormitory, or other facilities where sleeping accommodations are provided and rented out.  

As was the case before the TCJA, you can still claim Sec. 179 deductions for qualifying real property expenditures, up to the maximum annual Sec. 179 deduction limit. The TCJA expanded the definition of qualified real property expenditures to include the cost of roofs, HVAC equipment, fire protection, alarm systems, and security systems for nonresidential buildings. 

Beware of Sec. 179 Limitations

Sec. 179 deductions are subject to some limitations. First, the Sec. 179 deductions for a tax year can’t exceed the taxpayer’s aggregate net taxable business income from all sources calculated before any Sec. 179 write-off. 

Second, if you’re the owner of certain pass-through businesses — including a partner in a partnership, a member of an LLC that’s treated as a partnership for tax purposes, or an S corporation shareholder — the annual Sec. 179 deduction limit, the Sec. 179 deductions phase-out rule, and the taxable income limitation apply at both the entity level and at your level. The interactions can become quite complicated. They can also cause your allowable Sec. 179 deductions to be less than you expected. Ask your tax advisor if this issue applies to you.

Interplay with Bonus Depreciation

While Sec. 179 deductions may be limited, those limitations don’t apply to first-year bonus depreciation deductions. For qualified assets placed in service in 2022, 100% first-year bonus depreciation is available. After this year, the first-year bonus depreciation percentages are scheduled to start going down as follows:

• 80% for qualified assets placed in service in 2023,
• 60% for qualified assets placed in service in 2024,
• 40% for qualified assets placed in service in 2025,
• 20% for qualified assets placed in service in 2027, and
• 0% for 2028 and beyond.

After this year, the Sec. 179 deduction privilege can be more valuable than first-year bonus depreciation. That’s because you can potentially write off 100% of the cost of qualified assets in the first year they’re placed in service with the Sec. 179 deductions, while the ability to do that with first-year bonus depreciation is going away. Unfortunately, large businesses may be ineligible for Sec. 179 deductions due to the phase-out rule.

For More Information

Small and mid-sized businesses may be eligible for some special tax breaks that aren’t offered to their larger counterparts. Contact your tax professional to determine whether you’re taking advantage of all available tax breaks, including those that are available to small and large businesses alike.