There’s still time to take steps to significantly reduce your Maine business’s 2017 income tax bill and possibly lay the groundwork for tax savings in future years.

Here are five year-end tax-saving ideas to consider, along with proposed tax reforms that might affect your tax planning strategies.

1. Juggle Income and Deductible Expenditures

If you choose to conduct business in Maine using a so-call “pass-through” entity, your share of the business’s income and deductions is passed through to your personal tax return and taxed at your personal tax rates. Pass-through entities include S corporations, limited liability companies (LLCs), sole proprietorships, and partnerships.

Next year’s individual federal income tax rate brackets will be about the same as this year’s (with modest increases for inflation) if the current tax rules still apply in 2018. If you expect to be in the same or lower tax bracket next year, then the traditional strategy of deferring income into next year while accelerating deductible expenditures into this year makes sense. Deferring income and accelerating deductions will, at a minimum, postpone part of your tax bill from 2017 until 2018.

However, if your business is healthy and you expect to be in a significantly higher tax bracket in 2018, then you should take the opposite approach. That is, accelerate income into this year (if possible) and postpone deductible expenditures until 2018. That way, more income will be taxed at this year’s lower rate instead of next year’s higher rate.

Tax reform considerations for pass-through business entities. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which passed in November 2016, would lower federal income tax rates for most individual taxpayers. However, some upper-middle-income and high-income individuals could pay a higher rate under the proposal.

The House bill would also install a maximum 25% federal income tax rate for passive business income from a pass-through entity. And it would tax the capital percentage of active business income from a pass-through entity at the preferential 25% maximum rate. The capital percentage would be either 30% or a higher percentage for capital-intensive businesses. The preferential 25% rate wouldn’t be available for personal service businesses, such as medical practices, law offices and accounting firms. Pass-through business income that doesn’t qualify for the preferential 25% rate would be taxed at the regular rates for individual taxpayers.

The Senate tax reform proposal — also called the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 — would also lower federal income tax rates for most individuals. And it would generally allow an individual taxpayer to deduct 17.4% of domestic qualified business income from a pass-through entity. However, the deduction would be phased out for income that’s passed through from specified service businesses starting at taxable income of $500,000 for married joint-filers and $250,000 for individuals.

If your business operates as a C corporation, however, the 2017 corporate tax rates are the same as in recent years. If you don’t expect tax law changes and you expect the business will pay the same or lower tax rate in 2017, the appropriate strategy would be to defer income into next year and accelerate deductible expenditures into this year. If you expect the opposite, try to accelerate income into this year while postponing deductible expenditures until next year.

Tax reform considerations for C corporations. Income from C corporations would be taxed at a flat 20% rate for tax years beginning in 2018 and beyond, under the House tax reform proposal. A flat tax rate of 25% would apply to personal service corporations. If you think that these rate changes will happen, C corporations should consider deferring some income into 2018, when it could be taxed at a lower rate. Accelerating deductions into this year would have the same beneficial effect.

A flat 20% corporate rate would be installed by the Senate proposal, but it wouldn’t take effect until tax years beginning in 2019. The 20% tax rate would also be available to personal service corporations under the Senate bill.

Tax reform considerations for all businesses. Try to maximize any tax breaks in 2017 that might be eliminated for 2018, because both the House and Senate tax reform proposals would eliminate some business tax breaks that are allowed under current law. Maximizing any tax breaks will help reduce your tax bill for 2017.

2. Buy a Heavy Vehicle

Large SUVs, pickups and vans can be useful if you haul people and goods for your business. And as we’ve mentioned in past years, they also have major tax advantages.

Thanks to the Section 179 deduction privilege, you can immediately write off up to $25,000 of the cost of a new or used heavy SUV that is placed in service by the end of your business tax year that begins in 2017 and is used over 50% for business during that year.

If the vehicle is new, 50% first-year bonus depreciation allows you to write off half of the remaining business-use portion of the cost of a heavy SUV, pickup or van that’s placed in service in calendar year 2017 and used over 50% for business during the year.

You can follow the “regular” tax depreciation rules to write off whatever’s left of the business portion of the cost of the heavy SUV, pickup or van over six years, starting with 2017 after taking advantage of the preceding two breaks.

You must buy a “suitably heavy” vehicle, which means one with a manufacturer’s gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) above 6,000 pounds, to cash in on this favorable tax treatment. The first-year depreciation deductions for lighter SUVs, trucks, vans, and passenger cars are much skimpier. You can usually find a vehicle’s GVWR specification on a label on the inside edge of the driver’s side door where the hinges meet the frame.

To highlight how the tax savings can add up, let’s suppose your calendar-year business purchases a new $65,000 heavy SUV today and uses it 100% for business between now and December 31, 2017.

What’s your write-off for 2017?

1. You can deduct $25,000 under Sec. 179.
2. You can use the 50% first-year bonus depreciation break to write off another $20,000 (half the remaining cost of $40,000 after subtracting the Section 179 deduction).
3. You then follow the regular depreciation rules for the remaining cost of $20,000. For 2017, this will usually result in an additional $4,000 deduction (20% x $20,000).

So, the total depreciation write-off for 2017 is $49,000 ($25,000 + $20,000 + $4,000). This represents roughly 75% of the vehicle’s cost.

In contrast, if you spend the same $65,000 on a new sedan that you use 100% for business between now and year end, your first-year depreciation write-off will be only $11,160.

Important note: Before considering any Sec. 179 deduction, estimate your taxable income. If your business is expected to have a tax loss for the year (or to be close to a loss), you might not be able to use this tax break. The so-called “business taxable income limitation” prevents businesses from claiming Sec. 179 write-offs that would create or increase an overall business tax loss.

3. Cash in on Other Depreciation Tax-Savers

Luckily, there are more Section 179 breaks, beyond those that apply to heavy vehicle purchases. For the 2017 tax year, the maximum Section 179 first-year depreciation deduction is $510,000. This break allows many smaller Maine businesses to immediately deduct the cost of most or all of their equipment and software purchases in the current tax year.

This can be especially beneficial if you buy a new or used heavy long-bed pickup (or a heavy van) and use it over 50% in your business. Why? Unlike heavy SUVs, these other heavy vehicles aren’t subject to the $25,000 Sec. 179 deduction limitation. So, you can probably deduct the full business percentage of the cost on this year’s federal income tax return.

You can also claim a first-year Sec. 179 deduction of up to $510,000 for qualified real property improvement costs for the business tax year beginning in 2017. This break applies to the following types of real property:

• Certain restaurant buildings or improvements to such buildings,
• Certain improvements to interiors of leased nonresidential buildings, and
• Certain improvements to interiors of retail buildings.

Deductions claimed for qualified real property costs count against the overall $510,000 maximum for Section 179 deductions.

Section 179 tax reform considerations. The House tax reform bill would increase the maximum Sec. 179 deduction to $5 million per year, adjusted for inflation, for tax years beginning in 2018 through 2022. The maximum deduction would start to phase out if your business places in service over $20 million (adjusted for inflation) of qualifying property during the tax year. Qualified energy efficient heating and air conditioning equipment acquired and placed in service after November 2, 2017, would be eligible for the Sec. 179 deduction.

The Senate tax reform bill would increase the maximum annual Sec. 179 deduction to $1 million and increase the deduction phaseout threshold to $2.5 million. (Both amounts would be adjusted annually for inflation.) The Senate bill would also allow Sec. 179 deductions for tangible personal property used in connection with furnishing lodging, as well as for the following improvements made to nonresidential buildings after the buildings are placed in service:

• HVAC equipment,
• Roofs
• Security systems, and
• Fire protection and alarm systems.

In addition to Sec. 179, you can claim 50% first-year bonus depreciation for qualified new (not used) assets that your business places in service in calendar year 2017. Examples of qualified asset additions include new computer systems, purchased software, vehicles, machinery, equipment and office furniture.

For qualified improvement property, you can also claim 50% bonus depreciation, which means any qualified improvement to the interior portion of a nonresidential building if the improvement is placed in service after the date the building is placed in service. However, qualified improvement costs don’t include expenditures for:

• Any elevator or escalator,
• The enlargement of a building, or
• The internal structural framework of a building.

Bonus depreciation tax reform considerations. The bonus depreciation percentage under current law is scheduled to drop to 40% for qualified assets that are placed in service in calendar year 2018. However, both the House and Senate tax reform proposals would allow unlimited 100% first-year depreciation for qualifying assets acquired and placed in service after September 27, 2017, and before January 1, 2023.

Under the House bill, qualified property could be new or used, but it couldn’t be used in a real property business.

For property placed in service in 2018 and beyond, the Senate bill would shorten the depreciation period for residential rental property and commercial real property to 25 years (vs. 27-1/2 years and 39 years, respectively, under current law). Additionally, a 10-year depreciation period would apply to qualified leasehold improvement property, qualified restaurant property and qualified retail improvement property.

4. Create an NOL

Your business will have a net operating loss (NOL) when deductible expenses exceed income. You can create (or increase) a 2017 NOL using the business tax breaks and strategies discussed in this article (with the exception of the Sec. 179 first-year depreciation deduction).

Then you have a choice. You can opt to carry back a 2017 NOL for up to two years in order to recover taxes paid in those earlier years. Or you can opt to carry forward the NOL for up to 20 years.

Tax reform considerations. Generally, taxpayers could use an NOL carryover to offset only 90% of taxable income for the year the carryover is utilized (versus 100% under current law), under both the House and Senate tax reform bills. Under both bills, NOLs couldn’t be carried back to earlier tax years, but they could be carried forward indefinitely. Under the House bill, these changes would generally take effect for tax years beginning in 2018 and beyond. Under the Senate proposal, the changes would take effect in tax years beginning in 2023 and beyond.

5. Sell Qualified Small Business Stock

For qualified small business corporation (QSBC) stock that was acquired after September 27, 2010, a 100% federal gain exclusion break is potentially available when the stock is eventually sold. That equates to a 0% federal income tax rate if the shares are sold for a gain.

Is there a catch? First off, you must hold the shares for more than five years to benefit from this break. Also be aware that this deal isn’t available to C corporations that own QSBC stock, and many companies won’t meet the definition of a QSBC.

Ready, Set, Plan

For this year end, tax planning for Maine businesses is complicated by the possibility of major tax reforms that could take effect next year. The initial proposals set forth in Congress are ambitious in scope and would generally help small businesses and small business owners lower their taxes. However, tax rate cuts and other pro-business changes could be balanced by the elimination of some longstanding tax breaks. Filler and Associates, and your tax advisor, are monitoring tax reform developments and will help you take the most favorable path in your situation.